异步基础: C++ # 异步基础: C++ 本教程介绍如何使用 C++ 的 gRPC 异步/非阻塞 API 去实现简单的服务器和客户端。假设你已经熟悉实现同步 gRPC 代码,如[gRPC 基础: C++](/docs/tutorials/basic/c.html)所描述的。本教程中的例子基本来自我们在[overview](/docs/index.html)中使用的[Greeter 例子](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/tree/{{ site.data.config.grpc_release_branch }}/examples/cpp/helloworld)。你可以在 [grpc/examples/cpp/helloworld](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/tree/{{ site.data.config.grpc_release_branch }}/examples/cpp/helloworld)找到安装指南。 ## 概览 gRPC 的异步操作使用[`CompletionQueue`](http://www.grpc.io/grpc/cpp/classgrpc_1_1_completion_queue.html)。 基本工作流如下: - 在 RPC 调用上绑定一个 `CompletionQueue` - 做一些事情如读取或者写入,以唯一的 `voide*` 标签展示 - 调用 `CompletionQueue::Next` 去等待操作结束。如果标签出现,表示对应的操作已经完成。 ## 异步客户端 要使用一个异步的客户端调用远程方法,你首先得创建一个频道和存根,如你在[同步客户端](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/{{ site.data.config.grpc_release_branch }}/examples/cpp/helloworld/greeter_client.cc)中所作的那样。一旦有了存根,你就可以通过下面的方式来做异步调用: - 初始化 RPC 并为之创建句柄。将 RPC 绑定到一个 `CompletionQueue`。 ``` CompletionQueue cq; std::unique_ptr<ClientAsyncResponseReader<HelloReply> > rpc( stub_->AsyncSayHello(&context, request, &cq)); ``` - 用一个唯一的标签,寻求回答和最终的状态 ``` Status status; rpc->Finish(&reply, &status, (void*)1); ``` - 等待完成队列返回下一个标签。当标签被传入对应的 `Finish()` 调用时,回答和状态就可以被返回了。 ``` void* got_tag; bool ok = false; cq.Next(&got_tag, &ok); if (ok && got_tag == (void*)1) { // check reply and status } ``` 你可以在这里[greeter_async_client.cc](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/{{ site.data.config.grpc_release_branch }}/examples/cpp/helloworld/greeter_async_client.cc)看到完整的客户端例子。 ## 异步服务器 服务器实现请求一个带有标签的 RPC 调用,然后等待完成队列返回标签。异步处理 RPC 的基本工作流如下: - 构建一个服务器导出异步服务 ``` helloworld::Greeter::AsyncService service; ServerBuilder builder; builder.AddListeningPort("0.0.0.0:50051", InsecureServerCredentials()); builder.RegisterAsyncService(&service); auto cq = builder.AddCompletionQueue(); auto server = builder.BuildAndStart(); ``` - 请求一个 RPC 提供唯一的标签 ``` ServerContext context; HelloRequest request; ServerAsyncResponseWriter<HelloReply> responder; service.RequestSayHello(&context, &request, &responder, &cq, &cq, (void*)1); ``` - 等待完成队列返回标签。当取到标签时,上下文,请求和应答器都已经准备就绪。 ``` HelloReply reply; Status status; void* got_tag; bool ok = false; cq.Next(&got_tag, &ok); if (ok && got_tag == (void*)1) { // set reply and status responder.Finish(reply, status, (void*)2); } ``` - 等待完成队列返回标签。标签返回时 RPC 结束。 ``` void* got_tag; bool ok = false; cq.Next(&got_tag, &ok); if (ok && got_tag == (void*)2) { // clean up } ``` 然而,这个基本的工作流没有考虑服务器并发处理多个请求。要解决这个问题,我们的完成异步服务器例子使用了 `CallData` 对象去维护每个 RPC 的状态,并且使用这个对象的地址作为调用的唯一标签。 ``` class CallData { public: // Take in the "service" instance (in this case representing an asynchronous // server) and the completion queue "cq" used for asynchronous communication // with the gRPC runtime. CallData(Greeter::AsyncService* service, ServerCompletionQueue* cq) : service_(service), cq_(cq), responder_(&ctx_), status_(CREATE) { // Invoke the serving logic right away. Proceed(); } void Proceed() { if (status_ == CREATE) { // As part of the initial CREATE state, we *request* that the system // start processing SayHello requests. In this request, "this" acts are // the tag uniquely identifying the request (so that different CallData // instances can serve different requests concurrently), in this case // the memory address of this CallData instance. service_->RequestSayHello(&ctx_, &request_, &responder_, cq_, cq_, this); // Make this instance progress to the PROCESS state. status_ = PROCESS; } else if (status_ == PROCESS) { // Spawn a new CallData instance to serve new clients while we process // the one for this CallData. The instance will deallocate itself as // part of its FINISH state. new CallData(service_, cq_); // The actual processing. std::string prefix("Hello "); reply_.set_message(prefix + request_.name()); // And we are done! Let the gRPC runtime know we've finished, using the // memory address of this instance as the uniquely identifying tag for // the event. responder_.Finish(reply_, Status::OK, this); status_ = FINISH; } else { GPR_ASSERT(status_ == FINISH); // Once in the FINISH state, deallocate ourselves (CallData). delete this; } } ``` 简单起见,服务器对于所有的事件只使用了一个完成队列,并且在 `HandleRpcs` 中运行了一个主循环去查询队列: ``` void HandleRpcs() { // Spawn a new CallData instance to serve new clients. new CallData(&service_, cq_.get()); void* tag; // uniquely identifies a request. bool ok; while (true) { // Block waiting to read the next event from the completion queue. The // event is uniquely identified by its tag, which in this case is the // memory address of a CallData instance. cq_->Next(&tag, &ok); GPR_ASSERT(ok); static_cast<CallData*>(tag)->Proceed(); } } ``` 你可以在[greeter_async_server.cc](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/{{ site.data.config.grpc_release_branch }}/examples/cpp/helloworld/greeter_async_server.cc)看到完整的服务器例子。